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The game of poker was developed some time during the early 19th century.〔McManus, James. "Cowboys Full: The Story of Poker". Picador, 2010.〕 Since those early beginnings, poker has grown to become an extremely popular pastime throughout the world. == 19th-century == In the 1937 edition of Foster's Complete Hoyle, R. F. Foster wrote: "the game of poker, as first played in the United States, five cards to each player from a twenty-card pack, is undoubtedly the Persian game of As-Nas."〔 By the 1990s some gaming historians including David Parlett started to challenge the notion that poker is a direct derivative of As-Nas.〔 There is evidence that a game called poque, a French game similar to poker, was played around the region where poker is said to have originated. The name of the game likely descended from the Irish ''Poca'' (Pron. Pokah) ('Pocket') or even the French ''poque'', which descended from the German ''pochen'' ('to brag as a bluff' lit. 'to knock'). Yet it is not clear whether the origins of poker itself lie with the games bearing those names. It is commonly regarded as sharing ancestry with the Renaissance game of ''primero'' and the French ''brelan''. The English game ''brag'' (earlier bragg) clearly descended from ''brelan'' and incorporated bluffing (though the concept was known in other games by that time). It is quite possible that all of these earlier games influenced the development of poker as it exists now. A modern school of thought rejects these ancestries,〔Reuven and Gabrielle Brenner, and Aaron Brown, ''A World of Chance: Betting on Religion, Games, Wall Street'', Cambridge University Press (2008), ISBN 978-0-521-88466-2〕 as they focus on the card play in poker, which is trivial and could have been derived from any number of games or made up on general cardplay principles.〔Stephen Longstreet, ''Win or Lose: A Social History of Gambling in America'' , Bobbs-Merrill (1977), ISBN 978-0-672-52253-6〕 The unique features of poker have to do with the betting, and do not appear in any known older game.〔 In this view poker originated much later, in the early or mid-18th century, and spread throughout the Mississippi River region by 1800. It was played in a variety of forms, with 52 cards, and included both straight poker and stud. 20 card poker was a variant for two players (it is a common English practice to reduce the deck in card games when there are fewer players).〔Aaron Brown, ''The Poker Face of Wall Street'', John Wiley & Sons (2006), ISBN 978-0-470-12731-5〕 The development of poker is linked to the historical movement that also saw the invention of commercial gambling.〔David G. Schwartz, ''Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling'', Gotham (2007), ISBN 978-1-59240-316-5〕〔Timothy O'Brien, ''Bad Bet : The Inside Story of the Glamour, Glitz, and Danger of America's Gambling Industry'', Crown Business (1998), ISBN 978-0-8129-2807-5〕 English actor Joseph Crowell reported that the game was played in New Orleans in 1829, with a deck of 20 cards, and four players betting on which player's hand was the most valuable. Jonathan H. Green's book, ''An Exposure of the Arts and Miseries of Gambling'' (G. B. Zieber, Philadelphia, 1843), described the spread of the game from there to the rest of the country by Mississippi riverboats, on which gambling was a common pastime. As it spread north along the Mississippi River and to the West during the gold rush, it is thought to have become a part of the frontier pioneer ethos. Soon after this spread, the full 52-card English deck was used and the flush was introduced. The draw was added prior to 1850 (when it was first mentioned in print in a handbook of games).〔Henry G. Bond (ed.), Bohn's New Handbook of Games, Henry F. Anners (1850)〕 During the American Civil War, many additions were made including stud poker (the five-card variant), and the straight. Further American developments followed, such as the wild card (around 1875), lowball and split-pot poker (around 1900), and community card poker games (around 1925). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of poker」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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